Saturday, December 21, 2019

Experimental Techniques For The Synthesis And...

CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS. In order to explore novel physical properties and phenomena and realize potential applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials, the ability to fabricate and process nanomaterials and nanostructures is the first corner stone in nanotechnology. There exist a number of methods to synthesize the nanomaterials, which are categorized in two techniques â€Å"top down and bottom up†. Solid state route, ball milling comes in the category of top down approach, while wet chemical routes like sol-gel, co-precipitation, etc. come in the category of bottom up approach. Secondly, characterization of nanomaterials is necessary to analyze their various properties. Therefore, this chapter describes the various methods of synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials. Characterization techniques include XRD, SEM, TEM, EDAX, UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, etc. 2.2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Fabrication of nanomaterials with strict control over size, shape, and crystalline structure has become very important for the applications of nanotechnology in numerous fields including catalysis, medicine, and electronics. Synthesis methods for nanoparticles are typically grouped into two categories: â€Å"top-down† and â€Å"bottom-up† approach. The first involves the division of a massive solid into smaller and smaller portions, successively reaching to nanometer size. This approach may involve milling orShow MoreRelatedExperimental Investigation on Zirconium Oxide with Engine Oil 20W401534 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasing availability of methods, synthesis of nanomaterials as well as tools of characterization and manipulation. Nanotechnology makes us to believe that we would have the ability to create anything that we could precisely define. Synthesis of nanomaterials is another key issue. General approaches in synthesizing nanomaterials involve vapour, liquid or solid state routes or their intelligent combinations. Size effects are an essential aspect of nanomaterials. Size effects are of two types: oneRead MoreIs Nanotechnology A Field Of Applied Science?7916 Words   |  32 PagesChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Nanotechnology is a field of applied science, focused on the design, synthesis, characterization and application of materials and devices at the nanoscale. This is an emerging field which plays a major role in the development of innovative methods to produce new products. Because of its greater role in enhancing the performance of several existing technologies, it is gaining high attention. Properties of materials often change dramatically when size reducesRead MorePreparation Of A Innovative Mixed Matrix Polyethersulfone Membranes By Inserting Graphene Oxide Nanosheets For Wastewater Purification Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesmembrane to be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic and also change the surface charge of membrane to be either electropositive or electronegative, changing operating conditions, and periodic cleaning . Generally, Ultrafiltration (UF) is a widely used technique in the treatment wastewater.. Asymmetric UF membranes can be prepared using a range of suitable polymers, including polysulfone (PSf), polyethersulfone (PES), poly(aryleneethersulfone) block copolymer, cellulose acetate (CA),polyetherimide(PEI),polyimide(PI)Read MoreThe Doping Of Semiconductor By Rare Earth Metal Nanoparticle1754 Words   |  8 Pagesgel-combustion method. It was found that La can greatly enhance the cytotoxicity and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles towards various cell lines and paracetamol drug. These nanoparticles were characterized by various spectroscopic and other techniques which clearly revealed the presence of lanthanum ions. The absorption edge shifts towards the visible region after doping with La ions. This shift shows that the doping of La ions is favorable for absorbing the visible light. The comparative photocatalyticRead MoreTitanium Cerium Ferrite ( Tcf ) Was Prepared By A Simple Solvothermal Method5630 Words   |  23 Pagesfriendly, simple and effective method for uranium (VI) removal from wastewaters. However, the separation process of adsorbents from aqueous solution after saturated sorption is usually complex and time-consuming. To overcome this difficulty, nanomaterials have been concerned among the scientists and researchers because these materials possess high specific surface areas, plentiful functional groups and abundant sorption sites on their surfaces [magnetic graphene/iron oxides]. ManyRead MoreModeling Of Engineering And Biomedical Sciences9738 Words   |  39 Pagesmechanical properties, thermal conductivity and electrically insulating property, boron nitride nanotubes and nanosheets have promising applications in the field of engineering and biomedical sciences. Accurate modeling of failure or fracture in a nanomaterials inherently involves coupling of atomic domains of crack, voids as well as deformation mechanism ori ginating from grain boundaries. This review highlights the recent progress made in the atomistic modeling of boron nitride nanofillers. Continuous

Friday, December 13, 2019

What Can Parents Do to Protect Children from the Bad Influence of Television Violence Free Essays

Television can be a powerful influence in developing value systems and shaping behavior in the developing children’s mind. Unfortunately, much of today’s television programming has a highly explicit violent content. Numerous studies has been conducted on the effect television violence has on children and adolescence, and all of it shows negative feedbacks. We will write a custom essay sample on What Can Parents Do to Protect Children from the Bad Influence of Television Violence? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children tend to develop emotional numbness to all the horror seen on the screen, and gradually accept violence as a norm and a way to solve problems. Parents can protect their children by engaging them in different after school programs, paying attention to the television their children are watching and try to block some channels showing inappropriate content. One of the most disturbing facts of modern life is the abundance of wasted time spent watching mindless television programs. Children who spend more time in front of the television are more susceptible to all the violence in the media, and not only that they grow to be more aggressive, but also more passive. One way to avoid that is to involve the kid into different after school activities like arts and crafts programs or outdoor sports. Extracurriculars let the children enjoy themselves in a fun, stress-free environment, get some exercises, and make friends outside of school instead of being trapped at home alone with the only source of entertainment, the TV. It is a proven fact that television and media content are affecting how children and teens perceive the world around them. One way to help ease the negative effect of it is to help them understand what is wrong and what not. Parents should be aware of what children are watching, and if there is something violent and upset them, it is important to help them through that. Although the violent content, television can offer some very valuable educational programs as well, which could open doors to new fields of knowledge, when viewed responsible and sensibly. That is why parents should not eliminate the television, just get involved into what the child is watching, and explain why violent and the explicit is not worth watching. Parents can not control what children are doing, or watching every second of the day, that is why many parents rely on some sort of channel blockers. By restricting access to certain channels with violent and explicit language, parents can keep the unwanted content away from the eyes of their children. Childproofing the cable television is one of the best ways to keep the kids away of television violence, but yet it does not guarantee that the kids are protected. The control of the parents over their viewing time and content is most important of all. Television has become more violent in content in the recent years. Although the media experts are trying to market the explicit content, there are still should be some limits and restriction on what has to be shown on the big screen and what not. Until that happens, parents are the only regulators of that content and as so, they have the right to rule the remote control in their living room. How to cite What Can Parents Do to Protect Children from the Bad Influence of Television Violence?, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Crash Directed by Paul Haggis Essay Example For Students

Crash Directed by Paul Haggis Essay Crash, directed by Paul Haggis, is a movie that not only contained tons of racism, but a lot of communication and miscommunication. This movie is different from other movies with racism, because the film is very impartial about the issue. Rather then separating the characters into victims and offenders, victims of racism are often racist themselves in different situations and contexts. Everyone came from a different scenario, but they were all linked together by stories of race, loss, and redemption. There were many different instances in which there was a miscommunication between two or more people. One instance, was towards the end of the movie. Officer Hansen was diving in his own car down the road, and saw a black man. He picked him up because he needed a ride. They talked for awhile, but Officer Hansen thought the man was making fun of him. He told the man to get out of the car, and the black man wasnt happy. The man went to show what he was laughing at, so he went into his pocket. The officer thought he was pulling out a gun, so he quickly pulled out his and shot the man to death. The officer thought just because the man was black, that he was going to pull out a gun in anger and shoot. In reality, all the man was really going to do is show the officer what he was laughing at, which was that he and the officer both had the same statue. The officer felt really guilty and scared, so he left the man behind and took off. Another instance, was when Officer John Ryan needed help for his dad so his dad can get his urinary track infection fixed. The officer spoke to Shaniqua Johnson about getting insurance to cover his dad in case his dad had a problem with his prostate. Officer John Ryan was very racist towards Shaniqua, saying that there were five other good white doctors that could of done a better job then her. Shaniqua denied the Officers request because his racism got in the way of what he really wanted for his dad. The miscommunication was that the officer didnt know how to express what he really wanted without being racist and angry and this in turn, made him get turned away from getting help for his dad. If the officer calmed down a little in the beginning, or wasnt as mean to the doctor about her race, the doctor might of considered helping the officer out with what his dad needed. In conclusion, there were many instances of communication and miscommunication throughout this movie, even though Ive only listed two of them. The movie seemed to have taken place when it was made, but its possible it could have been in the 90s. This movie was very confusing for me and might have been a little over my head. I didnt seem to understand the ending, or why certain things happened and didnt happen. Overall, I still liked the movie, and would recommend it to all most anyone my age or higher, because of the language that was used in the movie. I might re-watch it again in the future.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Work-Life Issues Essay Example

Work-Life Issues Essay A growing number of employees are facing the challenge of balancing their employment and their family responsibilities.   This phenomenon has created a need for and growing interest in workplace policies and programs to enable workers to balance their work and family responsibilities. The appearance of family-friendly policies provides employees balance in their lives between work and their families. That can mean higher productivity, better morale, and fewer turnovers among staff. A variety of different family-friendly programs and its application will be discussed in this paper.   These family-friendly programs are designed to provide flexibility to enable employees to achieve a balance among their work, family and personal responsibilities.   Accordingly, some of the flexible work arrangements may enable employees to pursue educational or career development interest, or to devote time to other activities of their choosing. Importance of family-friendly workplace Family-friendly policies are the blending of family and work, which has increased significantly in the last 20 years. Corporations seeking to attract new employees and hold onto their existing work force are attempting to be creative with the promise of flexible schedules, job sharing, onsite day-care facilities, telecommuting, special deals on parental leave, generous family health care packages and numerous additional individualized incentives that respond to the work- and home-life balance. We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Life Issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Life Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Life Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today, companies are competing for valuable employees. Offering family-friendly benefits, many companies say, helps them develop a loyal and motivated work force that results in low turnover a major plus in todays tight labor market. Its managements job to help employees be successful in their work life and in their personal life. Researcher says, People are more motivated given this kind of control over the scheduling, over their job. And it doesnt cost anything. It is based on the trust factor; it puts a lot of responsibility on the part of the employee. Analysis of family-friendly workplace In a company with 20 employees, work-family issues can arise about five times a week, says Thaxton. In a company without family friendly policies, these issues can result in absenteeism, and an employees inability to focus on his/her job. Office team, a staffing service specializing in skilled administrative professionals, developed a survey.   It was includes responses from 150 executives with the nations 1,000 largest companies.   Executives were asked With so much attention given to the need for work-family balance, how successful do you think todays companies are in creating and maintaining a family-friendly environment for employees? Very successful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3% Somewhat successful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   54% Somewhat unsuccessful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   40% Very unsuccessful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3% Thus, it is generally believed that companies, which offer family-friendly policies, are at a distinct advantage in todays competitive employment market. Types of family-friendly workplace initiatives Efforts to improve the balance between work and family life generally fall into two categories: work reorganization programs and employee benefit policies. Work reorganization initiatives include: * ·Flexible scheduling arrangements * ·Restructuring of jobs and job duties * ·Telework * ·Job sharing opportunities Work and life benefit polices include: * ·On-site childcare and/or eldercare * ·Information services and resources on childcare and/or eldercare * ·Paid family and medical leave * ·Release time from work to participate in school and community events3 * ·Benefits for part-time workers Work reorganization initiatives One of the easiest ways to commence your family-friendly effort is with work reorganization. There are many options, such as job restructuring, telework, job-sharing or flexible work arrangement. However, there are some guidelines and limits to be sure the office is properly staffed so that business continues to run smoothly. Many companies that have implemented such arrangements would notice that there is a change in the employees performance level. One positive outcome is that many employees express a greater level of commitment to the company in return for the companys flexibility. Flexible work time Flexible work time allows employees to adjust their start or finish times at work while maintaining a specific number of hours per week.   Inspired employers use a range of flexible work options to meet the demands of employees and gain a competitive edge in retaining and recruiting skilled employees. The West Group is an Eagan-based company that offers flexible work schedules, and more than 400 employees are on such schedules. When the business and legal publisher implemented its pilot program for flexible and alternate work schedules in 1997, it did so primarily because its business needs were changing, said Maggie Debner, the companys director of human resources. Some businesses were operating 8 to 5 and it didnt need to be done that way, she said. So we were looking at the different composition of our customers needs.   There is a great satisfaction among the employees and the employers. Restructuring of jobs Rationally, companies will have to redesign many jobs to take advantage of changes in technology, some of which will result from the skills shortage. But changing worker values and needs will also drive restructuring the jobs. One of the most widely publicized examples of job restructuring is G.E.s Work-Out Program. For a number of years the giant corporation has been pursuing a systematic attempt to eliminate, or at least reduce the labor and inefficiency of work by using employee involvement. In 1988, G.E.s chairman, Jack Welch, and its director of corporate management development, James Baughman, both came up with the concept. The idea was to trim G.E.s extensive bureaucracy by having employees basically question the way the company and they themselves go about their daily business. Through a series of town meetings held with departments throughout the company, G.E.s Workout sessions are used to inspect and confront all kinds of company practices. Those who take part in these sessions are pledged there will be no retribution. They are also guaranteed instant feedback and action by management. The sessions, which usually last three days, cover up everything from the number of management approvals needed to how budgets and resources are proposed. Telework Progression in computer and telecommunications equipment represent increasing numbers of jobs can be done off-site. Canada is the notion of flexiplace, which is the decentralization of work into locations remote from a head office and often closer to employees homes.   Work-at-home or at satellite offices is the version of flexiplace that has been tried on the largest scale.   A diversity of clerical, professional and industrial jobs have been transferred to home locations. Minnegasco customer information representative David Tousley had an office in downtown Minneapolis.   Minnegasco allows seven inbound phone representatives, four part-time billing representatives and one other employee to work out of their homes in a telework program that is highly successful, according to Lori Schletty, director of customer relations at the Minneapolis-based company. The telecommuters have exposed productivity improvement when compared to their office workload, and they reduced by half their number of sick days. Job sharing Job sharing is a voluntary work arrangement in which two people share responsibility for one full-time position. Job sharing may combine the advantages of full-time and part-time employment, in that the job is continuously staffed and the organization has access to the resources of two workers rather than one.   Job sharing also is a benefit for employers and managers. They will have happier, more productive employees who are likely to stay on the job for the long run probably going back to a full-rime position when their family responsibilities have relieved. Two people shared the VP/marketing position for about three years at Silicon Valley Credit Union in Palo Alto, Calif. They both communicated with each other very well and were able to play off each others strengths, says Steve Johnson, CEO of the $80 million credit union with 10,000 members and 31 employees. In a sense, it was like getting two for the price of one. One was a great writer, while the other was strong in graphics.   Both individuals wanted to spend more time with their families, they were trying to manage multiple roles, and job sharing allowed them to do that without being so stressed out. Work and life benefit polices Another area where companies can become more family-friendly is in their benefits packages. If it is cost-prohibitive to offer a comprehensive health-care package at the companys expenditure, look for a provider that will provide family-friendly programs that allows employees to choose the alternatives they need and pay for whatever they entail outside the companys standard offerings.   This flexibility will let employees to select the plan that best meets their needs, while still keeping expenses in line for the company. On-site childcare / eldercare Childcare recognizes the needs of working parents and encourages businesses to assist employees with those challenges. The most popular childcare arrangement among full- and part-time employees would be a center located at the workplace.   The centers on-site location means that parents and their children can spend time together during the day. (e.g. lunch break or coffee break) The idea for the eldercare function similarly. One example of the on-site childcare is Little Wings Daycare Society in Richmond, B.C., which is officially opened in November 1991.   The center provides cares for children of Canadian Airlines International Ltd.   (Canadian)   employees.   Canadian employees with infants and toddlers at Little Wings describe particular advantages of workplace day care for children of the different group.   Parents of infants feel secure in being close by in case their child happen to be sick, or in case any question should occur about the childs care.   Those with children in the toddler group value that the centers proximity to the parents workplace helps give the child a sense of where the parent works and what that work is regarding. Information services and resources The information and educational services provided by the organization take numerous forms, including the childcare and eldercare information services.   Any employee looking for information about child development, adoption, referrals to a caregiver, selecting and monitoring care, childcare options, parenting and education issues can access that information through telephone.   Moreover, personalized information correspondences are forwarded by mail to each caller.   Nevertheless, the type of services and resources may be varied in different type of organization. Information and education on work and family issues are key forms of support that can be delivered through the workplace.   Through Royal Bank of Canadas comprehensive Work Family program, employees are provided with assorted forms of information on dependant care and work and family issue. Royal Bank also makes available to employees the Work Family Resource Libraries introduced in 1992 as part of the Banks Information Resource Centers, placed in the Montreal and Toronto corporate offices.   These resource libraries give every bank employees in Canada free access to an widespread collection of books, magazines, reports, reprints of articles, videos and bibliographic materials on topics relating to parenting, child care, elder care, health and wellness issues, stress-management techniques, workplace supports for families and other work and family subject matters. Family-leave program Family-leave program is designed since a need arises for employees to be absent from work for a lengthened time occasionally.   Most organizations will grant them the benefit of a leave of absence, and such leave is generally considered to be a form of employee benefit to the person involved.   Various types of leave such as maternity, family, person, and military leave. One form of family-supportive benefit is to supplement or top up unemployment insurance benefits to a level closer to the employees ordinary base salary.   Such a program amounts to a mixture of public and private benefits in support of employees family responsibilities. The Laurentian Bank supplements unemployment maternity benefits up to the level of 95% of regular base salary.   This benefit covers up the two-week period prior to the commencement of UI benefits and the maternity leave period, to a maximum of 15 additional weeks.   Every woman who works for the Laurentian Bank is qualified for this benefit, from bank teller to vice-president. Release time from work to participate in school and community events Western New York companies, Fisher-Price, are zeroing in on making life better for the work force through family-friendly policies that help people balance work and home responsibilities.   In addition to the job sharing, a child-care center and wellness center, other benefits include school days, whereby workers with children are granted time off for such things as teacher meetings or school plays.   Sarah Craig, vice president of administration, said that the shortened work hours on Fridays enable people some extra time for medical appointments and errands that must be completed during regular business hours. Benefits for part-time workers Part-time work means employees work a specified number of hours below the standard workweek on a regular basis not temporary or student employees.   The current terms of employment for regular part-time work permit a full-time employee to switch to part-time status without loss of service or benefits. One of the organizations reveals this benefit is the telecommunications services company in Nova Scotia Maritime Telegraph and Telephone Company Limited (Maritime Tel TEL).   The first reference to part-time work appeared in January 1970 contract; current provisions regarding prorated seniority and benefits were first included in the March 1985 contract. The employee switching from full-time to part-time work continues to accrue service and to receive medical and dental benefits on the same basis as full-time employees.   Vacation entitlement stays the same, but vacation time is prorated according to ratio of time worked.   Union and management of Maritime Tel TEL both believe that this mechanism affords employees one way of balancing work and family responsibilities.   According to a union representative, the alternative of moving to a regular part-time position can serve the needs of an employee at a time when family responsibilities are particularly demanding. Impact of family-friendly workplace on women The impact of family-friendly policies indicates the outcome factors that are the necessary prerequisites for career development recruitment, productivity, and retention.   However, over the past few decades, an increasing percentage of women has remained in or re-entered the work force while raising young children.   The increased involvement of mothers in the workplace means that large numbers of women bear the double burden of employment and family responsibilities. Thus, family-friendly program is particularly significant for women. An immutable difference between women and men is that women experience pregnancy and childbirth. Also, women maintain primary responsibility for childcare and household duties, a difference between the sexes that, although not immutable, is persistent despite womens contribution in the paid labor force. Hence, employed women are more likely than employed men to have a spouse/partner who is employed. Texas Instruments Inc. is a company for working mother located in Dallas.   TI has set up a range of family-friendly programs since 1992.   Programs such as parents network, life works seminars and referral programs, emergency/back-up/mildly ill childcare, on-site childcare and flexible working arrangements.   Consequently, there has been a 40% improvement in the turnover rate among salaried women between 1992 and 1996. Conclusion In todays competitive employment marketplace, it is noticeable that organizations, which offer family-friendly programs, are at a diverse advantage.   Flexible hours, telework, job-sharing, family leave program, various family health care packages and child-care programs will continue to be valuable recruitment and retention tools.   There is evidence show that the family-friendly programs favor towards women than men.   However, organizations would offer these programs to their employees no matter what is the gender and status in order to maintain the equity. There is a trend with valuable employees looking for an organization with family-friendly benefits. I think its good business to be as family-friendly as the business allows ones to be.   Family-friendly programs, both employer and employee benefit. Gradually but certainly, more organizations become aware that by giving employees flexible work hours or job guarantees following childbirth leave, they are better able to retain workers. Such companies become recognized for these family-friendly benefits and attract skilled employees because of them. In conclusion, as the world of work changes, more and more parents remain in full-time employment. The existence of family-friendly programs avoids the decision making between being a good employee and being a good parent. Individuals can do extremely well in both aspects of their lives.   As a result, family-friendly programs allow the agreements between employers and employees that promote employees ability to balance the demands of work and family life.   In my opinion, a family-friendly workplace is strongly recommended for most organization.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Black Betty by William Huddie Essays

Black Betty by William Huddie Essays Black Betty by William Huddie Essay Black Betty by William Huddie Essay In 1939 the Musicraft Recording Label released a record which included the path. Black Betty by William Huddie Leadbetter better known as Lead Belly. Black Betty had been said to be originated as far back as the eighteenth century or the early 1930’s. Lead Belly was the first 1 to of all time commercially enter it nevertheless. giving him most of the recognition for the vocal. Lead Belly was an iconic American common people and blues musician. noteworthy for his strong vocals. twelve-string guitar. and the songbook of common people criterions he introduced. It was recorded acapella with merely Lead Belly singing and clapping on the 4th round in the 12 saloon blues manner vocal. The signifier is sort of AABCDEAA. where each poetry begins and ends with Whoa. Black Betty ( Bam-Ba-Lam ) . At the terminal of each line Lead Belly besides repeats the phrase Bam-Ba-Lam. Although this vocal did derive some popularity in the early 1940’s because of Lead Belly. it truly gained the world’s attending in 1977 when a set by the name of Ram Jam recorded it. Ram Jam was an east seashore set formed in the mid 70’s. Its members consisted of Bill Bartlett ( guitar ) . Howie Blauvelt ( bass ) . Peter Charles ( membranophones ) . Myke Scavone ( lead vocals. guitar ) . and Jimmy Santoro ( guitar ) . The vocal was released on their self-titled introduction album Ram Jam in 1977. It reached the # 7 place in the UK singles chart in September 1977. The individual besides reached # 18 on the singles chart in the US. The album reached # 34 in the Billboard Pop Albums chart in the US. Even though Black Betty shooting Ram Jam to stardom overnight. it besides brought along much contention because of its lyrical significances. Since this vocal has been said to hold been originated back in the eighteenth century. the lyrics’ significance has changed legion sum of times. The beginning and significance of the wordss are capable to argument. Some beginnings claim the vocal is derived from an eighteenth century marching meter about a flint-lock rifle with a black head-stock ; the bam-ba-lam lyric mentioning to the sound of the gunshot. Soldiers in the field were said to be hugging Black Betty . In this reading. the rifle was superseded by its child . a rifle known as a Brown Bess . Other beginnings claim the term was a modern-day mention for a cocotte. a prison bullwhip. diacetylmorphine or the paddywagon . Lead Belly was said to hold been incarcerated a figure of times so the 2nd significance instead than the reading about the flint lock rifle seems more accurate in his instance. A more in depth expression at the wordss could perchance state that the vocal is about a black adult female who lives in Alabama by herself. She was immature and made a twosome incorrect determinations like imbibing. drugs. and holding a one-night base with person. This caused her to gestate a kid that she wasn’t ready for. She wasn’t ready for the duties of being a female parent. Her kid was out of control because of all the imbibing and drugs she had done prior to holding it. It was difficult to be a individual black adult female and a female parent in the South so the easiest thing she could make was to sell her organic structure as a cocotte. The adult male in the vocal negotiations about how whenever he needs her she will be ready waiting for him. This is the sort of reading that gave Ram Jam much unfavorable judgment and contention. Members of the NAACP and other groups such as them were really angry stating the vocal degrades black adult females. Ram Jam merely ever said it’s non tilting towards race. it’s fundamentally merely holding a good clip with miss. whether a cocotte or non. and taking drugs such as velocity which would travel along with the line She truly gets me high. Analyzing the musical facet of the vocal is much easier than the lyrical because I is pretty consecutive forward. The poetic devices in this vocal are sort of repetition because the vocal isn’t that long. Black Betty has an AA. BB. CC rhyme strategy. The stanza is whoa Black Betty ( Bam-ba-Lam ) which is repeated 10x’s throughout the vocal ( lines 1. 2. 8. 10. 15. 16. 17. 18. 23. A ; 24 ) . The vocal is truly merely three poetries so there is a batch of pure instrumental with illumination solos by all the instruments. The instruments used were. 3 guitars. a bass. and membranophones. The drummer keeps the round throughout the first 35 seconds of the vocal with the hi-hat cymbal by hitting on all four beats by itself for the first 10 seconds but for the remainder of the 35 seconds the guitars and bass come in to play the span. The clang cymbal so comes in with guitars and bass fillet and wordss are sung and the clang cymbal is hit on beats 2 and 4. the back round. and the hi-hat now hits on beats 1 and 3. This back round is used widely through stone. difficult stone. and particularly by all signifiers of metal. Although it was used efore this vocal came out. Black Betty decidedly highlighted the usage of the backbeat. During this first poetry. and the other 2 poetries besides. it is merely the drummer and the vocalist with the guitars and bass coming in and merely playing between every 2nd and 3rd round. Once the poetry is over nevertheless the pacing speeds up and the show window of guitars Begins. Once the 2nd poetry begins. it goes back to the membranophones and vocalist but one time this 2nd poetry terminals. the pacing speeds to dual clip get downing with a membranophone solo into guitar solos for a solid 1:35. Once that 2:50 portion hits the vocal takes a bend towards an easy channel feel with the pacing traveling back to the manner it was in the beginning. At 3:05 nevertheless the pacing speeds up a small spot and plays the span that it had played before the first poetry was sung. At 3:30. the 3rd and concluding poetry is sung merely like the other two with the drummer playing that same clang cymbal on beats 2 and 4 and the hi-hat on 1 and 3. Once the 3rd poetry is done. they play about 10 seconds of an outro and the vocal is over. Although lyrically the vocal is reasonably simple. I believe if you can hone a simple vocal. it will do it great and with the guitar. bass. and membranophones that Ram Jam had put into this vocal to attach to the wordss. it is a great vocal. You can evidently see that they were influenced by Lead Belly. but besides by early stone sets such as Lynyrd Skynyrd. Eagles. Kansas. and ZZ Top because it’s that southern stone sound and feel that those sets made celebrated. Since Ram Jam released Black Betty it non merely set their name on the map but besides rocketed that vocal to dozenss of films and Television shows. It will travel down every bit one of the best stone vocals of all clip.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Systems and Operations Management - Critical Evaluation of the Assignment

Systems and Operations Management - Critical Evaluation of the Competitive Factors - Assignment Example hough, e-business is one of the most hyped topics and business strategies in the corporate sector few industries are still operating in a brick and mortar model. Automobile industry is one of them and despite of covering a vast segment of the international market place, they are operating in the bricks and mortar model only. Hesterberg (2008) stated that because of the nature of the products involved in the automobile industry, the bricks and mortar model is the most suitable process for the automobile industry. However, the concept of remote operations and selling creates an opportunity for the automobile industries to develop a clicks and mortar model in the business process of the firm. The following segments of the study will focus on implementing a clicks and mortar model for an automobile company based on the United Kingdom and analyse the process of transition from bricks and mortar to clicks and mortar. Lotus Cars is a segment of Group Lotus Plc which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of DRB-HICOM based in the United Kingdom. Lotus is known for their highly appreciated products in motor sports (Lotus Cars, 2014). They have provided winning cars such as Espirit, Elise, Elan, etc. The historical significance of the company is also boosted by the fact that the manufacturing process of the cars is situated in Norfolk which was an airfield during World War II (Lotus Cars, 2014). The entire Lotus groups have been segmented into three groups namely, Lotus Cars, Lotus Engineering and Lotus Motorsport (Lotus Cars, 2014). Colin Dare and Colin Chapman founded the company in 1952. The company believes in developing a separate passage to success and creates its own trend rather than following (Lotus Cars, 2014). Throughout all these years of growth and development, Lotus has always tried to create new products with extensive use of technology; however their main intention has always been to keep their vehicles light. According to Hesterberg (2008), lightness in the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Case Study of Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study of Apple - Essay Example ies on the assumption that a company’s approach to competitive advantage emanates from the unique resources that the organization owns and its potentials. An organization then identifies an environment in which its resources and potentials can grant in advantage over other firms and implements the resources and potentials. An understanding of available resources is therefore the first stage in pursuing the model and would include analysis of Apple’s human resources and fixed and current assets. Characteristics of employees such as strengths in creativity and innovation, ability to align self-interest with the organization’s goals, and ability to integrate ideas into a collective innovation would be important. Explorations of capabilities within the organization would then follow and research and development is a significant factor. Evaluation of availability of financial resources for conducting research and implementing research results would be one of the foci of capabilities analysis. Competence of human resource for identification of research needs, planning for proposed research, and implementation of the research is another center of focus for competence analysis. In analyzing its resources and potentials under the Resource-Based Strategy, Apple would consider value, scarcity, cost of duplication, and substitutability of the resources and potentials. The company should ensure that the resources and potentials that it plans to depend upon can empower it outshine its competitors or at least to neutralize the competitors’ effectiveness. The resources and potentials should also be within limited reach of competitors in terms of accessibility and involved cost. Considering these features and ensuring their existence in the market environment creates competitive advantage that facilitates success regardless of stiff level of competition. The strategy offers the organization a basis for organizing a formidable advantage in product quality, product

Monday, November 18, 2019

Assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

4 - Assignment Example The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States guarantees all citizens of the United States citizenship rights and equal protection of their rights (Engdahl, 2009). Under the Fourteenth Amendment, all citizens of United States should enjoy their rights without anyone or any organization infringing on these rights. If a policy is put in place to control whether civil servants should have tattoos or how and when they should have tattoos, the policy will be infringing on their rights. This is a right that is enjoyed by all citizens in the United States and excluding a group of citizens from this right based on their status as civil servants will be tantamount to preventing them from enjoying this right as other citizens (Engdahl, 2009). Tattoos are put on the body parts of individual persons. These tattoos do not in any way endanger the lives of the persons who choose to put them in their bodies. As such, they cannot be considered illegal unless in circumstances where the tattoos are meant to disturb public peace by wrongfully targeting other people or when they promote unwanted issues such as racism. The policies on the code of conduct for civil servants address issues such as mode of dressing. Such a policy covers how civil servants should dress and behave in public offices. Such policies are enough because they cover issues such as how much privacy civil servants should display when in office. The above reasons show why a policy on tattoos for any civil servant should not be in place. Such policies will infringe on the rights of civil servants as American citizens. Secondly, the policies will treat civil servants as if they are second-degree citizens. If such policy were to be implemented, then it should apply to all citizens. Comment on thread: The fact that the First Amendment does not provide absolute rights for public employees, it does not provide absolute rights for other citizens and putting tattoos is not an absolute right but a privacy

Friday, November 15, 2019

Analysis Study Of Colonial Discourse In Literature

Analysis Study Of Colonial Discourse In Literature Colonial discourse has been defined by many writers such as Diniz (1996:126) who points out hat Colonial discourse usually refers to the writing which runs from five hundred years, through the days of European mercantile expansion, to our own time (1996:126). This definition suggests that the era of Colonialism in literature began in the 17th C. with the publication of Shakespeares The Tempest (1611-12). In this paper, however, the term is used to refer to the literature written in English, but confined to the century of British Colonialism and the decades of anti- or post colonial activity which followed. Saids Orientalism (1978) uses the concept of colonial discourse to re-order the study of colonialism. So it can be said to inaugurate a new kind of study of colonialism. Saids Orientalism examines how the East, including the Middle East, is represented in the history and the literature written by the West. The West always looks at the East as inferior people without religion or morals. Saids projecttries to show how knowledge about the non-Europeans was part of the process of maintaining power over them. In short, Orientalism is primarily concerned with how the Orient was constructed by Western Literature and not with how such construction was received by colonial subjects. It examines the Western attitudes toward the East. Said concludes that the Western writers depict the Orient as irrational, week and feminised other. This depiction can be contrasted with the depiction of the West as rational, strong and masculine. Saids Culture and Imperialism (1994) Colonial discourse is a concept popularized by Edward Said. In this paper, it refers also to the knowledge of Africa constructed by the West (colonial writers: as Defoe and Conrad) to bolster its colonizing interests, and the reaction of the East (colonized writers as: Achebe). Colonial discourse has not been the product of a certain age and it has attracted the attention of several writers and critics. Those celebrated authors as Conrad and Defoe created remarkable works out of the subject of Colonialism. Nowadays, Colonial discourse is one of the most current issues in literary criticism. 1.2. Life and Works of Defoe, Conrad and Achebe 1.2.1. Life and Works of Defoe: Danial Defoe was born about 1660 in London. His father, James Foe, was poor but hard working butcher. Defoe was not able to attend traditional institutions like Oxford and Cambridge because of his fathers opposition. Defoe is often considered the father of English novel. He is a master of simple prose and powerful narrative with a love of realistic detail. He is a great imaginative writer who creates one of the most familiar resonant myths of modern literature. He is influenced by the writings of Addison, Steel and Swift. Defoes important works are: Robinson Crusoe (1719), Moll Flanders (1722), Capitan Singleton (1720) and The History of Peter the Great and Colonel Jack (1722). Defoe died in London on April 24, 1731. 1.2.2. Life and Works of Conrad Joseph Conrad was born in December 3, 1857. His childhood was affected by his homelands struggle for independence. He is a Polish novelist and short story writer. Conrad is one of the English languages greatest stylists. He becomes one of the greatest writers in the world. His major works include Heart of Darkness (1902), Lord Jim (1900), The Secret Agent (1907), Under the Western Eyes (1911) and Nostrome (1904). He died of heart failure on August 3, 1924. 1.2.3. Life and Works of Achebe Chinua Achebe was born in Ogidi in eastern Nigeria on November 16, 1930. His parents instill in him many of the values of their traditional culture. He is one of most well-known post colonial writers. He has become renewed as a father of modern African literature. After publishing Things Fall Apart, he became one of the founders of the new Nigerian literature. Achebes important novels are: Things fall Apart (1959), No Longer at Ease (1960), Arrow of God (1964) and A Man of people (1966). His novels are primarily directed to an African audience, but their psychological insights have gained them universal acceptance. His education in English allows him to capture both the European and the African perspectives on colonial expansion, race, religion and culture. 1.3. The Relevance of the Study There are many writers who have tackled the concept of colonialism in their works. It is customary to read Shakespeares The Tempest as the first important major work to present colonial discourse: the way the colonizer and the colonized portrayed in the characters of Prospero and Caliban. In The Tempest, Shakespeares major addition to the story is to make the island inhabited before Prosperos arrived. That single addition turns the adventure story into an allegory of the colonial encounter. There are two ways of representing colonialism in literature. The first one is represented by the colonizers point of view; the European writers. Those colonial writers are Shakespeare, Defoe, Conard and J.M. Cotezee. Those writers have written plays and novels which deal with the theme of colonialism as Defoes with the them of colonialism as Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719), Corads Heart of Darkness (1902), Carys Mister Johnson ( ) and Cotezees Foe (1986). Those writers give a negative picture of Africa in particular and the East in general. Africans are depicted as primitrue, savages, uncivilized, inferior and ignorant. As a result of this negative representation of Africa in particular and the East, including the Middle East, which is seen as sub-human in general several critics criticized this subject. Among the critics who criticized this subject are Edward Said, Achebe and other African critics like Ngugiwa, Chinwerza and Nkruma. Those African critics provide a theoritcal frame work to examine the representation of the colonized in the literature produced by the writers belonging to the countries of the colonizer. They have re-written the representation of the colonized from non-Euro. centric perspective. So their writing is a mean of re-writing the history, the culture from their cultural perspective which is called Afro-centric point of view. Saids Orientalism(1978) one of the first works which examines how the East, including the Middle East, is represented in the history and the literature written by the West. The West always looks at the East as an inferior people without religion or morals. Saids projects tries to show how knowledge about the non-European was part of the process of maintaining power over them. It also examines the Western attitudes toward the East. In short, Orientalism is primarily concerned with how the Orient was constructed by Western literature and not how such construction was received by colonial subjects. Said concludes that the Western writers depict the Orient as irrational, weak and feminized other. This depiction can be contrasted with the depiction of the West as rational, strong and masculine. Saids Culture and Imperialism (1994) is another work to explain the complex and the ongoing relationships between the East and the West, the colonizer and the colonized, the white and the black. Said specifically addresses the way in which subjugated people are represented within literature and how it has affected not only these people but also the cultures in which they live. Achebes Things Fall Apart (1959) is one of the first books to represent the African image from an Afro-centric perspective. This novel is always seen as a response to the image created by Conrad and Cary. In this novel, Achebe writes the story of colonization of the Ibo society from an African point of view. In his essay An Image of Africa: Racism in Heart of Darkness, Achebe views that Conrads treatment of native Africans in Heart of Darkness as racist. Achebe focuses on Conrads treatment of Africa as an other world, an antithesis at Europe and therefore at civilization (9th. In Achebe, 3). Achebe specifically criticizes Conrads racism which is expressed through the choice of words, ignorance, fiction, comparison and imagery of the writer. Achebe argues that the choice of words Conrad uses is very limited. He repeats words like inscrutable and frenzy too many times and at several occasions. Conrad changes these for their synonyms. (Ibid). According to him, the image of darkness pointed in the book is just the stereotyped view of Europeans towards African as whole. Achebe believes that Conrad is just pleasing the readers by telling them what they want to hear. In his conclusion, Achebe calls Conrad a bloody racist who mock both African land and African people. 1.4. The Method of the Study This term paper is based on an analytical method. The analysis includes the themes, the characters and the techniques of each novel. Chapter II: 2.1. The Purpose of the Study The principle aims of this research are as follows: To examine the them of colonialism and how its consequences are reflected through Defoes Robinson Crusoe, Conrads Heart of Darkness and Achebes Things fall Apart. To examine how three different writers of two different cultures, races, countries and religions represent the colonizer and the colonized in these three novels. To compare and contrast literary pieces written from the point of view of European imperialists and the African/colonized perspectives. To compare and contrast these two negative and positive representations of the colonized (Africa) [both as land and people] as it was presented in these three novels. 2.2. The Significance/ Importance of the Study Chapter III: section 1 (Defoes Robinson Crusoe) 3.1.1. Plot Summary of Defoes Robinson Crusoe from the perspective of Colonial Discourse Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719) takes place in the second half of the 17thC. when European companies vied for control and exploitation of colonized lands around the world. Crusoe, the central character, appears to represent his imperialist spirit: first when he goes to Guniea, next when he travels to Brazil and opens plantation, and finally when he becomes king of an island. Crusoe colonizes the island by building houses, taking Friday as his servant after meeting him and refereeing to the mountaineers as his subjects. 3.1.2. Understanding Colonialism in Defoes Robinson Crusoe: Analysis of the Theme and the Characters Defoes Robinson Crusoe (1719) was written when the people of the 18thC. were traveling abroad, discovering new lands and spreading Christianity. They were colonizing lands and imposing their culture and language there. The powerful nation controls the economy, and the territory of a week country. Africa was one of the main colonies of the British Empire and the British were at the centre of power whereas the Other were at the margin of power. In other words, the colonizer suppressed the Other, his language and his culture too. Robinson Crusoe is the second important work to present colonial discourse; the way the colonizer and the colonized are portrayed in the figures/ characters of Crusoe, Friday, non whiteman, and Xury, a servant of Crusoe. The roles of Crusoe, Friday, Xury and the mountaineers have been discussed in terms of rules and subjects in close connection to the treatment of those people by Crusoe. Defoes Robinson Crusoe is often read in modern times as an allegory of colonialism, and there is much in the last chapters to defend this view. Fridays subjection, servitude and submission to Crusoe reflects colonial race relations (Defoe: 185). This is clear when Crusoe thinks that he is helping Friday by making him his servant. Moreover, Colonial terms appear when dealing with the host he mountaineers. Crusoe and the Captain terrify them by referring to a fictional governor of the island who will punish Hem severely. This fiction of governor for shadows the very governor who will no doubt be installed on the island eventually. Because Crusoe has claimed the territory for England. Indeed, Crusoe refers to this community as my colony in the island, which makes us, the readers, wander whether he really consider it his own or it is officially a colony or figuratively so. As the novel sheds light upon the theme of colonialism, the reader observes the way the colonizer and the colonized are portrayed in it. In the novel, Crusoe, the central character, is the representative of colonialism whereas Friday is the symbol of the subjects races. Friday is instructed, given language and converted to Christianity, Crusoes religion. Crusoes instructions on Friday are examples of his attitudes towards human beings who he trained to do his work. As a colonizer, Crusoe wants to spread his religion. He refers to Christianity and to the Bible in order to convert Friday to Christianity. Crusoe teaches Friday the word master even before teaching him yes or no and lets him know that was to be Crusoes name (Defoe:185). Crusoe refers to himself as king over the natives and Europeans, who are his subjects. Moreover, Friday is an example of the self and the other. Crusoe instructs him, gives him language, in order to help him to run his Empire on the island. He is an example of the Other because he is only servant. Pennycook suggest that Colonialism is probably the context without equal of contractions of Self and Other (2002:10). We can observe the process of this construction in the dialogues between Crusoe and Friday: Master: Well, Friday, and what does your nation do with the men they take? Do they carry them a way and eat them, as these did? Friday: yes, my nation eat mans up too; eat all up. (Defoe: P.192). In such dialogues, we can see the relationship not only between Self and Other as constructed by colonialism but also between these and English. Friday has been given a very particular, colonizing English words to expenses his cultural background, besides his speaking in Crusoes own language. Phillispsons discussion (1992) of Crusoes lessons to Friday is one of the earliest instances of English linguistic imperialism which he calls as the locus-classical of the start of English linguistic imperialism to Crusoe, and he has no right to disobey him. Phillipson states that Crusoes-Fridays relationship reflects the racial structure of Western society at the hey day of slavery (P.109). Phillipson sees Crusoe as the epitome of imperialist slavery, i.e. a key figure in the European attempt to gain political and economic mastery over the large areas of the world. According to Brantlinger, what Crusoe cants master- or get to call him master- he sees only as savagery and desert island. (1990:P.2). Crusoes relationship with Friday comes in several layers. At one point in the novel, Crusoe refers to Fridays people as blinded, ignorant pagans (Defoe:170). The relationship between them is like that between Crusoe and Xury. Earlier, Crusoe has told Xury that if he will be faithful to him, he will make him a great man. As soon as the Captain offers 60 pieces of gold for Exury, Crusoe accepts it and sells him for the sake of economic gain. Crusoe stands for the colonizer who occupies the other countries under the pretext that he educates and develops the nation. Crusoe, as a colonizer, changes Fridays language, religion, habits, culture and even his name. This is how the colonizer imposes his own language, religion, culture and identity on the occupied nations. The banishment of Fridays religions beliefs emphasizes the colonization theme. Crusoes attitude towards Friday is reflected in his description. His attitude is that of a master-servant. He requires a complete subservience and faith fullness from Friday. Crusoe looks upon Friday as a creature when he will care for, giving him water, food and clothing. Crusoe does not even try to learn Friday actual name which shows the European supremacy theme in the novel. Crusoe gives Friday his name as he has done with his parrot, Poll. Regarding the Euro-centric attitude of the time, Defoe ensures that Friday is not Crusoes equal in the novel. Friday is clearly a servant and inferior in rank, power and respect. Crusoes vocabulary reveals much about how he imagines his role on the island. He starts to describe himself as generalissimo of an army with Friday as his lieutenant-general. At the very opening of the novel, he is a mere castaway but towards the end, he openly refers to himself as a national leader of military forces. We sense how deeply ingrained Crusoes imagined national role as a king of this island when he refers to his new guests as his subjects. Friday is probably the first non white character to be given a realistic, individualized and human portrayal in the English novel. Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance. If Crusoe represents the first colonial mind in fiction, then Friday represents not only a Caribbean tribes man but also all the natives of Asia, Africa, and America who would later be oppressed in the age of European colonialism. When Crusoe teaches Friday to call him master, Friday becomes an enduring political symbol of racial injustice in modern world and critical of imperialist expansion. Recent rewritings of the story of Crusoe, like Cotezees Foe and Tourniers Friday, emphasize the consequences of Crusoes failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tales might be told very different from the natives perspective. In any case, Crusoe has turned his story of one mans survival into a political tale replete with its own ideas about imperialism. In short, it is not surprising that contemporary readers regard Defoes novel as the prototypical colonial novel of the 18thC. if not in all of English literature. To conclude, this novel is not only a reflection of colonialist practices, but part of large discourse concerned with the colonial customs of the British Empire. 3.1.3. Analysis of the Narrative Techniques in Defoes Robinson Crusoe Defoe combines many narrative methods in Robinson Crusoe to make the novel authentic and realistic. These techniques are narration (point of view), the use of irony, attention to details, symbols and the use of dates and names of places. Robinson Crusoe is both the narrator and the main character of the novel. He narrates the story in both the first and the third person, presenting only what he himself observes. He describes his feelings occasionally but only when they are over whelming. He usually favors a more factual narrative style focused on actions and events. Another important narrative device is the use of symbols and irony. As for the symbols, the author uses three symbols like the foot print, the cross and the bower. The foot print stands for Crusoes conflicted feelings about human companionship in whole he interprets it negatively as the print of all the devil. The cross symbolizes Crusoes new existence on the island and the power stands for the radical improvement in Crusoes attitude toward his time on the island. As for the irony, it is a literary device for Defoe. There are several examples of its use in the novel, but the best example are the discovery of the foot print and the warning of Crusoes father. First, Crusoe ignores his fathers advice; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if he goes abroad, he will be the most miserable wretch that was ever born, (Defoe. P.4) Second, Crusoe wishes for human beings to come because he was alone, but when he sees the foot print of a naked man, he is afraid. Crusoe comments on this irony: How strange a checker work of providence is the life of a manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Today we love what tomorrow we hate; today we seek what tomorrow we shun; today we desire what tomorrow we fear. (Defoe: P140). The third narrative technique is the use of a circumstantial method which tells us not only what Crusoe did but how he did it. There are numerous examples of the uses of details such as Crusoes project in raising of the crops of barley and rice on the island, killing the gouts and making a sieve, and the description of the ship wrecks and Crusoes adventures. Such details produce the effect of realism. The last method is the use of dates and geographical place-names. All of these devices add to the realistic effect of the novel. Chapter Three: Section Three: Achebes Things Fall Apart 3.3.1. Plot Summary of Things Fall Apart from the perspective of Colonial Discourse. Achebes Things Fall Apart (1959) traces the life in the Ibo village of Umuofia just before and after its initial contact with European colonialists and their Christian religion. The novel is divided into three parts: the first part deals with the life of the Ibo people before the arrival of the while man, illustrating various aspects of Ibos way of life. The second part deals with Okonkwos exile and the arrival of the missionaries and the effect of their arrival, including the conversation of Nwoye to Christianity. The third part deals with the effects of the white mans religion, education, power, laws and economics on the tribes culture. The first signs of colonization come to Abame when the first white man appears. He is killed by the people of Abame on the order of the Oracle who tells them that the white man would be soon followed by others and he would destroy their way of life. As a result, the village has been destroyed by other white men. During Okonkwos exile, the white man comes to both Umuofia and Mbanta and wins many converts. When Okonkwo returns to Umuofia, he finds that life begins to change. Therefore, he stands up to the colonizers in an attempt to protect his culture. When he kills a British messenger, Okonkwo realizes that he stands alone, and he hangs himself. 3.3.2. Understanding Colonialism in Things Fall Apart: Analysis of the Theme and the Characters Achebes Things Fall Apart relates the story of disintegration falling apart of an African society that came in contact with Western values as a result of the colonization. The novel explores the coming of the white man and its effects on the culture of the people of Umuofia. The coming of the white man brought about culture conflict which affects the people of Umuofias religion, their agriculture, their judicial system and their social life. The collapse of a society that was strongly united is told through the story of Okonkwo and the village Umuofia. The novel shows the general disintegration of this culture when it is attacked by another culture. The incursion of the colonizer is changing every aspect of the Ibo society such as religion, family structure, gender roles, relations and trade. The colonizers bring language, religion, education, commerce, government and law to Umuofia which are unquestionably disruptive. Okonkwo, the representative of the Ibo culture, realizes that the white man has been too successful in his ways to change the tribes ways. He grieves the loss of his tribe and the life he once knew. Okonkwo feels betrayed by his son who joins the white missionaries and his à ©lan who have not stood up against the white intruders. The arrival of the white man and his culture heralds the death of the Ibo culture. The while man does not honor the tribes customs and strives to convince the tribes men that their ways are better. As a result of colonialism, the tribe is split, pitting brother against brother and father against son. Many of the tribes leaders have joined the missionaries and the tribal beliefs and customs are being ignored. Okonkwos final act of resistance exemplifies how Africans and other colonized people have courageously resisted colonialism instead of passively accepting it. In Things Fall Apart, the representatives of the colonizer are Mr. Brown, Mr. Smith and the District commissioner and the colonized are Okonkwo and the entire Ibo society. Achebe gives the reader a dramatic contrast between the first white missionary Mr. Brown and Mr. Smith who replaces him. As his name suggests, Mr. Brown is able to navigate successfully the racial division between the colonizer and the colonized. Mr. Brown appears reasonable, respectful, kind, patient and an open-minded man who is willing to make effort to respect and understand the Ibo beliefs. Mr. Brown succeeds in winning a large number of converts because he listens to the villagers stories, beliefs, and opinions. He be friends many great men of the à ©lan and discusses religious beliefs with them. He accepts the converts unconditionally. Mr. Brown is the most influential character in the novel who does not encourage the conflict between the old and the new faith. Mr. Brown realizes that the direct attack with Ibo is useless. Therefore, he adapts a very clever policy by building a school, hospital and finally a church. Achebe states: In this way Mr. Brown learnt a good deal about the religion of the à ©lan and he came to the conclusion that a fro natal attack on it would not success. (Achebe: 163). Then he asks the people to send their children to the school and argues that the leaders of Umuofia will be men and women who can read and write. It is Mr. Brown who warns them that strangers like the District commissioner will come from other places to rule them. Actually, Mr. Brown is a man who loves peace and respects the traditional culture. So there was no conflict between the Ibo culture and the Western culture during his period. He has a real interest in the welfare of the Ibo people. As an individual, he is a good representative of his society. Mr. Brown stands for the bright side of the colonizer. Another representative of the colonizer is Reverend Smith who replaces Mr. Brown as the new head of the Christian Church. Mr. Smith is strict and uncompromising, the opposite of Mr. Brown who was kind and compassionate. Unlike Mr. brown, Mr. Smith encourages people to hate the traditional people and their religion. Mr. Smith is the stereotypical white colonist. He has no respect for the culture or the traditions of the Ibo. Mr. Smith remains ignorant of all the traditions and therefore has no hope of being respected enough. Mr. Smith thinks he is superior and others are inferior. Mr. Smith sees things as black and white and black [is] evil. (Achebe: 166). Smiths black and white thinking leads to the destruction of the church and the clash between both cultures. As a result of this new missionary, the Christians attack the Ibo belief and culture and insult the tribes traditional customs. One of their victims Okonkwo, whose return co-insides with the arrival of Mr. Smith, the new faith divide father from son. Smiths policy and treatment of the Ibo people show that the colonialist system is more primitive than the Ibo system. The District Commissioner is another figure of the colonizer. He seems more inhuman because he takes interest in Okonkwos suicide only because it will give him a new material for his book. He decides to title his book The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger. This decision demonstrates his knowledge about African as primitive and his inability to recognize how he has brought violence instead of peace to the Lower Niger. By concluding his novel with the District Commissioners misinterpretation and misinterpretation writing of the scene of colonial encounter, Achebe suggests that his novel is not simply about the colonial encounter between two different cultures. By drawing the attention to the District Commissioners erroneous sense of history. Achebe reminds the realer that the Western descriptions of Africa have largely been written by men like the District Commissioner. Consequently, Things Fall Apart seek to correct such erroneous historical records by retelling African history from an African perspective. In brief, Achebes Things Fall Apart illustrates what happened to the Ibo society at the time of its colonization by the British and how the colonialism affects the Ibo in many different ways; their religion, family, children and their dead. Achebe describes what happens when different cultures works against each other. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Now he [the white man] has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us tpgether and we have Fallen apart. (Achebe: 160). In this lines Oberika seems to voice Achebes own thought on colonialism. Okonkwos suicide at the end of the novel represents the end of the Clans ancient way of life because he represents the clansman. 3.3.3. Analysis of the Narrative Techniques in Achebes Things Fall Apart Achebe uses a number of techniques un Things Fall Apart such as the mixture between English language and Ibo vocabularies, use of proverbs and folk tales, symbolism, use of similes and metaphors, comparisons and contrasts and the shift from present tense to past and again to present. The first method that Achebe uses is to develop a hybrid language that mixes Ibo and English words by introducing numerous African terms thought the novel like Chie (personal God-Fate), Obi (hut), Agbala (a man without title) and Osu (outcast). Achebe uses English language as a model of communication between people and to convince the Europeans that Nigeria is a nation with great potential. Achebe uses his language to draw the readers attention to his own language. Another important method is the use if Ibo proverbs as well as traditional folk tales which bring to life the oral culture of Ibo and indicate their intelligence, knowledge, morals, the strong religion and the culture of the country. Early in the novel, Achebe says: if a child washed his hands, he could eat with the kings. Referring to Okonkwo (Achebe:8). This implies that if Nigerians washed their hands, the country could be just as important as Britian. The third method is Achebes use of similes and metaphors to bring the narrative to life and his use of different kinds of comparisons that are related to the Ibo experience as proverbs are the palm oil with which words are eaten. (Achebe: 6). The novel is developed in terms of comparison and contrast between the characters like the comparisons between father and son; Unoka and Okonkwo and between friends like Nwoye and Ikemefuna, Unoka and Okoye Oberika and Okonkwo. Fourth, Achebe provides considerable detail about many aspects of traditional African life like family and clan relation, ceremonies and rituals, social structure (gender relations), political and religions practices and the role of nature in their world. This digression helps the reader to understand the daily activities and religious beliefs of the Ibo people. Achebe shifts from present to past then to present while describing the events and the characters. The best method is the narrative voice. May critics see Things fall Apart as a book with two narrative voices: the traditional which dominates the first two/third of the book, and the modern which takes over the last third. Other critics see the book as narrated by a single narrator, whose tone changes and adopts overtime. The narrator mediates between the individual and the community, between the present and the past. All the previous devices make the novel authentic and realistic. 3.3.4. Comparisons and Contrasts between these three texts Conrads Heart of Darkness, Defoes Robinson Crusoe and Acheb

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Billiards :: essays research papers

Billiards The history of billiards begins in the fourteenth century. The game was invented in Europe, but there was a conflict as to what country. The French believed that the English invented the game, but at the same time, the English thought the French did. In the end, a French billiards specialist found evidence that the game originated in France about the fourteenth century. The word "billiard" is derived from two French words, "billiart" and "bille". These two words mean "stick" and "ball". Put them together, and you get stick-ball or pool as it's called these days. At first the game was played outside, but during the winter it got too cold so the game was moved inside onto large tables. After a couple of years, green cloth was installed on the bed of the table to make an illusion of the grass outside. The sticks used at the time were large, and men used slightlycurved sticks while the women used straight, narrow ones. The sticks weren't used as they are today to hit the ball but rather to push the balls around the table, similar to the game of shuffle board. As the game got more popular, as it is today, the sticks got narrower and easier to use (Billiards, http). A few games today are similar to billiards, such as shuffleboard, and the same equipment - stick and balls. One of the most important tools to playing any game of this type is the table. In the fourteenth century, the length of the tables was much longer than today becuase they were used instead of playing outside. Today the sized of the tables varies all over the worl. The dimensions range anywhere from nine by four and a half feet to ten by five feet (â€Å"Billiards,† Colliers). Another tool used to play the game is the cue stick. The cue srick weighs in a range of twelve to twenty-two ounces, and the straighter the cue, the better. At the end of the cue is a leather tip, which is used to hit the ball with great accuracy. If the stick were to hit the ball with the leather tip chalked, then a better shot would be made rather than one without the chalked end. As most people now know, the chalk is used to give a better shot. The chalk is a blue color and comes in a little square inch type cube. Another item needed to play a game of billiards is the balls, fifteen object balls and one cue ball. The cue ball is the only ball that is to be hit